Year-end report: Xi-Xi meeting stabilizes slumping relationship, U.S. debate over China strategy continues
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| On November 14, 2022, US President Biden held face-to-face talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping on the periphery of the G20 summit in Indonesia. (Reuters) |
In 2022, against the background of Russia launching a war against Ukraine, the Biden administration of the United States still regards China as "the most consequential geopolitical challenge", but emphasized that the United States does not seek a conflict with China, nor does it seek a cold war. U.S.-China relations, which have been deteriorating since the Trump administration, continued to spiral down until mid-November, when President Biden met with Chinese leader Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Bali, Indonesia. Stabilized somewhat. But the debate continues over whether the Biden administration's China strategy, which is both competitive and cooperative, is inherently incompatible.
The Biden administration builds a network of alliances to counter China, the most serious long-term challenge
. In February 2022, the White House announced the "U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy" , seeking to build a "free and open India through a strong and mutually reinforcing alliance network." too". The document vows to commit more diplomatic and security resources to the Indo-Pacific region to counter what Washington says is China's attempt to build a sphere of influence in the region and become the world's most influential power.
On May 26, when Blinken delivered a speech on China policy at George Washington University, he defined China as follows: "China is the only country that not only has the intention to reshape the international order - its growing economic, diplomatic, military and technological power also A country that equips it with the capacity to do so. Beijing's vision will take us away from the universal values that have ensured the world's continued progress for the past 75 years. At the same time, China is an integral part of the global economy and our response to everything from climate to COVID-19. part of our ability to meet all challenges."
Blinken said he would work with allies and partners to confront China with a coordinated response, defend human rights and democratic values, invest in American workers, companies, and technology, and "uphold a level playing field." ".
In order to better compete strategically with China, the Biden administration embarked on its first trip to East Asia since taking office on May 23, officially announced the "Indo-Pacific Economic Framework" in Tokyo, and led the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) between the United States, Japan, India and Australia. ), while expressing its determination to help defend Taiwan, sending a signal that the United States will return to the Asia-Pacific. In November this year, during the US-ASEAN summit in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, President Biden raised the relationship between the US and ASEAN to a "comprehensive strategic partnership" and said that the ASEAN region is the core of the US Indo-Pacific strategy.
Basically, continue Trump's tariffs and export controls on China, and launch the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework
. As part of the overall competition policy against China, certain products are exempted from tariffs according to domestic needs.
On August 9, President Biden also signed the "Chip and Science Act" with a total investment of 280 billion US dollars into law to revitalize the US chip manufacturing industry and counter China. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security also began implementing the Forced Uyghur Labor Prevention Act, which prohibits the import of products from China’s Xinjiang region unless it can be proven that the products do not involve forced labor.
In order to maintain its competitive advantage over China in the high-tech field, the Biden administration is building what it calls a "small courtyard and high wall" to further strengthen control of technology exports to China. Since the beginning of this year, the U.S. Department of Commerce has added more Chinese entities to its "unverified list" or "entity list" and "military end-user list." Among the most far-reaching are new export controls on the export of advanced computers and semiconductors to China.
Taiwan issue remains the most sensitive issue in US-China relations
Aside from deep differences over trade, human rights, Hong Kong, religious freedom and China's stance on the Ukraine war, there is widespread concern that a clash between the U.S. and China is more likely over Taiwan. In recent years, Beijing has been increasing its military pressure on Taiwan and continuously dispatching military aircraft to harass Taiwan's air defense identification zone, causing continued tension across the Taiwan Strait. The outside world has been worried that Xi Jinping will step up the pace of unifying Taiwan by force after winning an unprecedented third term at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
On August 2, Speaker of the House of Representatives Pelosi arrived in Taiwan for a visit to show the firm commitment of the United States to Taiwan. Although many members of Congress have visited Taiwan one after another before, Pelosi is the most senior US official to visit Taiwan in the past 25 years.
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| On August 3, 2022, Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen met with Speaker of the US House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi at the Presidential Palace |
Three days later, China held large-scale blockades and live-fire exercises in the sea and airspace around Taiwan for several consecutive days, which sharply raised the tension in the Taiwan Strait. Prior to this, Beijing had been increasing military pressure on Taiwan and continuously dispatching military aircraft to harass Taiwan's air defense identification zone.
When President Biden talked about the competition between the United States and China in his speech at the UN General Assembly on September 21, he said, "We do not seek conflict. We do not seek a cold war. We do not ask any country to make a difference between the United States or any other partner's choice. But America will advance our vision of a free, open, secure, and prosperous world with a clear conscience.”
The National Security Strategy and National Defense Strategy see China as "the most consequential geopolitical challenge."
Nearly half a year after Blinken's speech on China policy, on October 12, 2022, the Biden administration rolled out its repeatedly delayed The National Security Strategy emphasizes deepening democratic alliances in response to authoritarian rises such as China and Russia, and sees the People's Republic of China as "the most consequential geopolitical challenge" to the United States.
The U.S. National Defense Strategy, released on October 27, states that “the broadest and most severe challenge to U.S. national security is the coercive and increasingly aggressive nature of the People’s Republic of China in reshaping the Indo-Pacific region and international systems to suit its interests and authoritarian preferences deeds."
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| White House National Security Adviser Sullivan and Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and director of the Foreign Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee, held talks on the situation in Ukraine at the Cavalieri Hilton Hotel in Rome, Italy. (March 14, 2022) |
However, US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan (Jake Sullivan) said on October 12 when talking about the national security strategy, the US also seeks to cooperate with China in some areas.
"We will engage China constructively where possible, not as a favor or in exchange for our principles, but because working together to solve common problems is what the world expects from a responsible great power," he said. , and also because it is in our interest.” The
U.S. National Security Strategy also states, “On a track, we will cooperate with any country, including our competitors, and we are willing to respond constructively in the rules-based international order Challenge together while working to strengthen international institutions. On another track, we will deepen our cooperation with the democracies at the heart of our coalition, building strong, resilient, and mutually reinforcing relationships that demonstrate what democracies can deliver for their people and the world Benefits."
Trump administration official: Encouraging cooperation with Beijing on climate issues "creates a dangerous contradiction."
However, the Washington foreign policy circle has criticized the Biden administration's strategy of both competing with China and calling for cooperation.
Nadia Schadlow, who served as deputy national security adviser during the Trump administration, wrote in the "Wall Street Journal" on October 23 that the Biden administration has called China "the most consequential issue of the United States." "Geopolitical challenges" are laudable, but its national security strategy, which calls climate change an "existent" threat to the United States and encourages cooperation with Beijing on the issue, "creates a dangerous contradiction".
"The focus on climate issues will make it harder for the United States to respond to the threat from China and reduce the likelihood of a successful sustained reduction in U.S. carbon emissions," she said in the article.
In her view, the document's call that no country "should block progress on a transnational issue as vital as the climate crisis because of bilateral differences" reduces "American interests to a tactical inconvenience".
The Hudson Institution and Hoover Institution researcher also criticized that the document's proposal that the United States and China must "coexist peacefully, share and contribute to human progress" is a "visionary style" that is divorced from reality. Wording".
"The problem is that the two countries have a different view of human progress and the political and economic basis of that progress," she said.
Sobolik: There is an inherent inconsistency in a strategy that is both competitive and
cooperative Summary: “The fundamental belief of the Biden administration is that, on the one hand, China is our greatest competitor, the adversary of the United States, and that it is the greatest strategic challenge not only to the United States, but to all democracies in the 21st century. On the other hand, They also believe that we have very big common problems like climate change, and we have to work with China. If we want to solve these international problems, we have no choice. The Biden administration believes that they can do both at the same time, Without sacrificing either agenda.”
He believes that this is nothing more than wishful thinking by the Biden administration.
“On China policy, it feels like the Biden administration is going into a fence because they’re trying to do two very difficult and conflicting things at the same time. So I think as they continue to try to do that, the difficulty of getting things done will It's getting bigger and bigger," he said.
That's because of an inherent incongruity, Sobolik said.
"As long as the Biden administration sticks to this dualistic China policy of co-existing cooperation and competition, not only will their China policy falter, but our competitive position will not make the progress it should," he said.
Cooper: There's No Alternative
Criticisms of the Biden administration's view of China as both a top competitor and a partner, Zack Cooper, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, told VOA Responding: "I don't think there's any alternative, I think that's going to be my argument. Obviously, a cooperative approach to China at the moment, a comprehensive cooperative approach may not work.
The former White House NSC official believes that when many of Biden's team was in power in the Obama administration, they tried a mostly cooperative approach that didn't seem to be working at the time. So there is not much reason to think it will now work on a more assertive Xi. On the other hand, an outright confrontational approach is self-defeating. This will cost the United States many of our allies and partners in Asia and beyond.
"So, I think the reality is that this relationship is going to have an element of competition and an element of cooperation. The question is, do we really get the ratio of those two elements right? I think another challenge for the Biden team It was about articulating that strategy in a way that the American people could understand and support. I'm not sure they did that," he said.
Cooper believes that many Americans want a clearer narrative, and this combination of cooperation and competition is a bit too complicated for many people to understand. In his view, the Biden administration’s handling of competition and cooperation is not that far from the ideal situation, but he believes that their political work on this issue needs to be improved.
Patricia Kim: US policy toward China should be designed with multiple elementsPatricia
Kim (Patricia Kim), a foreign policy fellow at the John L. L. Thornton China Center and East Asia Policy Research Center of the Brookings Institution, talked at a seminar When it comes to U.S.-China relations, he also stated that U.S. policy toward China should involve multiple elements of competition, confrontation when necessary, and cooperation in areas of common interest.
"I think it's a very realistic construct. It can be used to describe any relationship, frankly, whether you're dealing with a friendly country or an adversary, you always have conflicting interests and you always have shared interests. It's It's a fact of life," she said.
But Patricia King said the worst-case scenario in U.S.-China relations is clearly being drawn into a war that neither side wants or benefits from.
"Of course, the world's attention right now is the Taiwan Strait. We're seeing increased Chinese military activity in the strait, and pressure is mounting on the leaders of the United States and Taiwan to do more to counter China's Pressure. This is leading to an escalation of tension. So getting involved in a war in the Taiwan Strait would be devastating for all parties involved. That's something we really need to avoid," she said.
Does the Biden administration's China policy need a "path correction"?
She and her colleagues called for a "course correction" of the Biden administration's China policy. In their view, the question facing U.S. policymakers is not whether they should adopt a "tougher" or "softer" stance toward China, but how to adopt a more sensible approach to better protect the core interests of the United States.
In their report, they make a series of recommendations, including strengthening the United States' technological leadership in the next decade, creating a more favorable environment for American interests around China, building a more durable and productive relationship with China, and expanding risk reduction. perspective etc.
The common thread across these recommendations is that U.S. policy should be informed by long-term U.S. national interests and China’s relationship to those interests. The report concludes, “Over the coming decades, China will have enormous potential on the world stage for good and for ill. A more interests-oriented approach will convince U.S. partners that U.S. policy toward China is organized around a coherent case theory, rather than simply reacting to Chinese moves, nor is it guided by an endless pursuit of domestic political points."
Sobolik: Should see clearly The true face of China
Sobolik, a researcher at the US Foreign Policy Council, suggested to the Biden administration that the United States must choose a path and maximize your influence there. He believes that the United States should see the true face of China, that is, it is definitely a competitor, and it is also an adversary.
"The Chinese Communist Party is an incredible threat. Any shared interests we have with them pale in comparison to the threat they pose to our allies and the American people. But as long as the Biden administration tries to do too much at the same time, Our China policy will have some bright spots, but it will also falter and risk becoming a shadow of what it should be. So I hope the government will recognize that and readjust," he said.
He added that there is currently no indication that they will do so.
Singleton: Mistaking competition with Beijing for the purpose
According to Craig Singleton, a senior fellow at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD), a nonpartisan Washington think tank, the current debate in the U.S. over China — Specifically in the recently released National Security Strategy of the Biden administration - at the risk of unnecessarily repeating previous debates.
“Western leaders and policy makers have mistook competition with Beijing as an end, not a means, and sidestepped the hard work of defining the West’s ultimate ideal for China,” he told VOA.
He also argues that Washington's current approach is based on a period of a rapidly receding unipolar world, rather than the possibility of an impending multipolar moment and all the opportunities for burden-sharing that such an order would entail.
Drawing a line between democracy and autocracy to alienate partners
In his view, worse still, a White House that pits nations of the world against each other on the basis of democracy or autocracy risks alienating like-minded partners who may not be An unassailable democracy, but shares Washington's concerns about China's belligerence and has a vested interest in updating rather than overturning the older rules-based order.
Considering the real danger of a conflict between the United States and China over the Taiwan issue, the Biden administration has been emphasizing the need to keep communication channels open and responsibly manage differences between the two countries. The first face-to-face meeting between Biden and Xi
put the relationship down, but US-China relations will still face severe challenges
The first face-to-face meeting between people. Both sides described the meeting as "deep, frank and constructive".
"As leaders of our two countries, I believe we have a shared responsibility to demonstrate that China and the United States can manage our differences and prevent competition from devolving into something close to conflict, while finding ways to negotiate on urgent global issues that require our mutual cooperation. Cooperation," Biden said in opening remarks after the formal start of the talks.
The talks, which lasted nearly three hours, exceeded the previous expectations of some experts and stabilized bilateral relations. In addition to resuming dialogue in some areas, Secretary Blinken will visit China early next year.
Cooper of the American Enterprise Institute said that Secretary of State Blinken's visit to China will be a positive step, but the meeting with Xi and Blinken's visit to China does not mean that there will be any major breakthrough in US-China relations.
"I think we're still going to be managing a number of very, very tense issues in the U.S.-China relationship over the next few years, so it's more about setting a floor for the relationship to make sure it doesn't get worse," he said. rather than laying the groundwork for a dramatic improvement in the relationship."
The Taiwan issue will remain critical to U.S.-China relations due to factors such as expected House Speaker Kevin McCarthy's planned visit to Taiwan in early 2023 and the U.S. starting the primary election process, said the expert on U.S.-China relations. Bringing serious challenges, especially in 2023.
**2022 Chronicle of U.S.-China Relations**
February 7, 2022 – The U.S. Department of Commerce puts 33 Chinese entities on the "unverified list," mostly electronics companies, but also optics companies and government laboratories. The list overlaps with its Entity List and Military End-User List.
February 11, 2022 – The White House released the "US Indo-Pacific Strategy" review document, promising to invest more diplomatic and security resources in the Indo-Pacific region to counter China's influence in the region.
February 16, 2022 - The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative submits its annual assessment report to Congress, saying that China has failed to fulfill its commitments to join the WTO and the Phase 1 trade agreement signed by the U.S. and China two years ago.
March 1, 2022 – USTR releases 2022 Trade Policy Agenda and 2021 Annual Report, doubling down on competition with China.
March 14, 2022 – U.S. National Security Advisor Sullivan meets with then-Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi in Rome.
March 18, 2022 – President Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping hold their first conference call since the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian war. This is also the first direct dialogue between the two leaders since their first video meeting in November 2021.
March 23, 2022 – The Office of the United States Trade Representative announced that it will resume tariffs on 352 Chinese products that were exempted from tariffs.
April 20, 2022 – U.S. Secretary of Defense Austin speaks with Chinese Defense Minister Wei Fenghe. It was the first conversation between the two defense officials since President Biden took office.
April 27, 2022 – The Office of the United States Trade Representative issued the "Special 301 Report" on intellectual property protection and enforcement, continuing to place China on the Priority Watch List.
May 5, 2022 – The U.S. State Department updates the "Fact Sheet" on the U.S.-Taiwan relationship on its official website, and deletes the statement "Taiwan is part of China" in the 1979 "Communication on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and China" and removes " The United States does not support Taiwan independence."
May 18, 2022 – U.S. National Security Advisor Sullivan had a telephone conversation with Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi. The White House said the conversation was a follow-up to the two men's March 14 meeting in Rome.
May 23, 2022 – President Biden visited Asia for the first time, officially announced the "Indo-Pacific Economic Framework" in Tokyo, and led the leaders' summit of the "Quadruple" security dialogue mechanism, and made it clear that the United States is willing to intervene militarily if China invades Taiwan to defend Taiwan.
May 24, 2022 – China's climate envoy Xie Zhenhua and US climate envoy John Kerry meet on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum in Davos and pledge to cooperate on climate issues.
May 26, 2022 - Secretary Blinken delivers a speech on China policy at George Washington University.
June 10, 2022 – U.S. Defense Secretary Austin and Chinese Defense Minister Wei Fenghe meet for the first time during the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore.
June 13, 2022 – US National Security Advisor Sullivan meets Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi in Luxembourg. This is the second face-to-face meeting and the third dialogue between the two this year.
June 21, 2022 – The Prevention of Forced Uyghur Labor Law, which became law last December, goes into effect. The law prohibits the import of products from Xinjiang unless it can be verified that they were not produced with forced labor.
July 9, 2022 – U.S. State Department Blinken meets with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the sidelines of the G20 foreign ministers' meeting in Rome.
July 27, 2022 – The Senate passed the $280 billion "Chips and Science Act" to revitalize the US chip manufacturing industry and counter China.
July 28, 2022 – The House of Representatives passes the Chips and Science Act. On the same day, Biden had a two-hour telephone conversation with Xi Jinping to discuss cooperation between the two countries and issues related to Taiwan and Ukraine.
August 2, 2022 – House Speaker Nancy Pelosi arrives in Taiwan for a visit. She is the most senior U.S. official to visit Taiwan in 25 years.
August 5, 2022 - The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced countermeasures against Pelosi's visit to Taiwan, including the cancellation of the phone call between the leaders of the Chinese and American military theaters, the working meeting between the Chinese and American defense ministries, and the meeting of the China-US Maritime Military Security Consultation Mechanism, and Suspend Sino-U.S. illegal immigration repatriation cooperation, Sino-U.S. criminal judicial assistance cooperation, Sino-U.S. cooperation in combating transnational crimes, Sino-U.S. anti-drug cooperation, and Sino-U.S. climate change talks.
August 9, 2022 – President Biden signs the Chips and Science Act.
August 23, 2022 – The U.S. Department of Commerce adds seven Chinese space, aerospace, and related technology entities to the export control list, strictly restricting their access to commodities, software, and technology regulated by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
August 26, 2022 – US and Chinese securities regulators reach an agreement on auditing Chinese companies listed in the US.
September 23, 2022 – Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi meets with US Secretary of State Blinken on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in New York.
October 7, 2022 – The U.S. Department of Commerce implements new export controls on the export of advanced computers and semiconductors to China.
October 12, 2022 – The Biden administration publishes a national security strategy emphasizing deepening democratic alliances to counter the rise of authoritarian powers such as China and Russia.
October 27, 2022 - The U.S. Department of Defense announced the latest national defense security strategy, stating that Russia is an imminent threat and China is the most significant long-term security challenge.
November 14, 2022 – Biden and Xi Jinping hold their first face-to-face meeting since Biden took office on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Bali, Indonesia. Both sides described the meeting as "deep, frank and constructive".
November 18, 2022 - USTR met with Chinese Commerce Minister Wang Wentao on the sidelines of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ministerial meeting in Thailand to discuss bilateral trade issues.
November 21, 2022 - The defense ministers of the United States and China held talks for about an hour and a half while attending the 9th ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting Plus in Cambodia, resuming the once-suspended high-level military exchanges.
November 23, 2011 - The Office of the United States Trade Representative announced the further extension of tariff exemptions for products related to the new crown epidemic in China's "Section 301 investigation".
November 25, 2022 – The State Council of China announced the extension of tariff exemptions for 95 U.S. goods until May 31 next year.The former White House NSC official believes that when many of Biden's team was in power in the Obama administration, they tried a mostly cooperative approach that didn't seem to be working at the time. So there is not much reason to think it will now work on a more assertive Xi. On the other hand, an outright confrontational approach is self-defeating. This will cost the United States many of our allies and partners in Asia and beyond.
"So, I think the reality is that this relationship is going to have an element of competition and an element of cooperation. The question is, do we really get the ratio of those two elements right? I think another challenge for the Biden team It was about articulating that strategy in a way that the American people could understand and support. I'm not sure they did that," he said.
Cooper believes that many Americans want a clearer narrative, and this combination of cooperation and competition is a bit too complicated for many people to understand. In his view, the Biden administration’s handling of competition and cooperation is not that far from the ideal situation, but he believes that their political work on this issue needs to be improved.
Patricia Kim: US policy toward China should be designed with multiple elementsPatricia
Kim (Patricia Kim), a foreign policy fellow at the John L. L. Thornton China Center and East Asia Policy Research Center of the Brookings Institution, talked at a seminar When it comes to U.S.-China relations, he also stated that U.S. policy toward China should involve multiple elements of competition, confrontation when necessary, and cooperation in areas of common interest.
"I think it's a very realistic construct. It can be used to describe any relationship, frankly, whether you're dealing with a friendly country or an adversary, you always have conflicting interests and you always have shared interests. It's It's a fact of life," she said.
But Patricia King said the worst-case scenario in U.S.-China relations is clearly being drawn into a war that neither side wants or benefits from.
"Of course, the world's attention right now is the Taiwan Strait. We're seeing increased Chinese military activity in the strait, and pressure is mounting on the leaders of the United States and Taiwan to do more to counter China's Pressure. This is leading to an escalation of tension. So getting involved in a war in the Taiwan Strait would be devastating for all parties involved. That's something we really need to avoid," she said.
Does the Biden administration's China policy need a "path correction"?
She and her colleagues called for a "course correction" of the Biden administration's China policy. In their view, the question facing U.S. policymakers is not whether they should adopt a "tougher" or "softer" stance toward China, but how to adopt a more sensible approach to better protect the core interests of the United States.
In their report, they make a series of recommendations, including strengthening the United States' technological leadership in the next decade, creating a more favorable environment for American interests around China, building a more durable and productive relationship with China, and expanding risk reduction. perspective etc.
The common thread across these recommendations is that U.S. policy should be informed by long-term U.S. national interests and China’s relationship to those interests. The report concludes, “Over the coming decades, China will have enormous potential on the world stage for good and for ill. A more interests-oriented approach will convince U.S. partners that U.S. policy toward China is organized around a coherent case theory, rather than simply reacting to Chinese moves, nor is it guided by an endless pursuit of domestic political points."
Sobolik: Should see clearly The true face of China
Sobolik, a researcher at the US Foreign Policy Council, suggested to the Biden administration that the United States must choose a path and maximize your influence there. He believes that the United States should see the true face of China, that is, it is definitely a competitor, and it is also an adversary.
"The Chinese Communist Party is an incredible threat. Any shared interests we have with them pale in comparison to the threat they pose to our allies and the American people. But as long as the Biden administration tries to do too much at the same time, Our China policy will have some bright spots, but it will also falter and risk becoming a shadow of what it should be. So I hope the government will recognize that and readjust," he said.
He added that there is currently no indication that they will do so.
Singleton: Mistaking competition with Beijing for purpose
According to Craig Singleton, a senior fellow at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD), a nonpartisan Washington think tank, the current debate in the U.S. over China — Specifically in the recently released National Security Strategy of the Biden administration - at the risk of unnecessarily repeating previous debates.
“Western leaders and policy makers have mistook competition with Beijing as an end, not a means, and sidestepped the hard work of defining the West’s ultimate ideal for China,” he told VOA.
He also argues that Washington's current approach is based on a period of a rapidly receding unipolar world, rather than the possibility of an impending multipolar moment and all the opportunities for burden-sharing that such an order would entail.
Drawing a line between democracy and autocracy to alienate partners
In his view, worse still, a White House that pits nations of the world against each other on the basis of democracy or autocracy risks alienating like-minded partners who may not be An unassailable democracy, but shares Washington's concerns about China's belligerence and has a vested interest in updating rather than overturning the older rules-based order.
Considering the real danger of a conflict between the United States and China over the Taiwan issue, the Biden administration has been emphasizing the need to keep communication channels open and responsibly manage differences between the two countries. The first face-to-face meeting between Biden and Xi
put the relationship down, but US-China relations will still face severe challenges
The first face-to-face meeting between people. Both sides described the meeting as "deep, frank and constructive".
"As leaders of our two countries, I believe we have a shared responsibility to demonstrate that China and the United States can manage our differences and prevent competition from devolving into something close to conflict, while finding ways to negotiate on urgent global issues that require our mutual cooperation. Cooperation," Biden said in opening remarks after the formal start of the talks.
The talks, which lasted nearly three hours, exceeded the previous expectations of some experts and stabilized bilateral relations. In addition to resuming dialogue in some areas, Secretary Blinken will visit China early next year.
Cooper of the American Enterprise Institute said that Secretary of State Blinken's visit to China will be a positive step, but the meeting with Xi and Blinken's visit to China does not mean that there will be any major breakthrough in US-China relations.
"I think we're still going to be managing a number of very, very tense issues in the U.S.-China relationship over the next few years, so it's more about setting a floor for the relationship to make sure it doesn't get worse," he said. rather than laying the groundwork for a dramatic improvement in the relationship."
The Taiwan issue will remain critical to U.S.-China relations due to factors such as expected House Speaker Kevin McCarthy's planned visit to Taiwan in early 2023 and the U.S. starting the primary election process, said the expert on U.S.-China relations. Bringing serious challenges, especially in 2023.
**2022 Chronicle of U.S.-China Relations**
February 7, 2022 – The U.S. Department of Commerce puts 33 Chinese entities on the "unverified list," mostly electronics companies, but also optics companies and government laboratories. The list overlaps with its Entity List and Military End-User List.
February 11, 2022 – The White House released the "US Indo-Pacific Strategy" review document, promising to invest more diplomatic and security resources in the Indo-Pacific region to counter China's influence in the region.
February 16, 2022 - The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative submits its annual assessment report to Congress, saying that China has failed to fulfill its commitments to join the WTO and the Phase 1 trade agreement signed by the U.S. and China two years ago.
March 1, 2022 – USTR releases 2022 Trade Policy Agenda and 2021 Annual Report, doubling down on competition with China.
March 14, 2022 – U.S. National Security Advisor Sullivan meets with then-Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi in Rome.
March 18, 2022 – President Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping hold their first conference call since the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian war. This is also the first direct dialogue between the two leaders since their first video meeting in November 2021.
March 23, 2022 – The Office of the United States Trade Representative announced that it will resume tariffs on 352 Chinese products that were exempted from tariffs.
April 20, 2022 – U.S. Secretary of Defense Austin speaks with Chinese Defense Minister Wei Fenghe. It was the first conversation between the two defense officials since President Biden took office.
April 27, 2022 – The Office of the United States Trade Representative issued the "Special 301 Report" on intellectual property protection and enforcement, continuing to place China on the Priority Watch List.
May 5, 2022 – The U.S. State Department updates the "Fact Sheet" on the U.S.-Taiwan relationship on its official website, and deletes the statement "Taiwan is part of China" in the 1979 "Communication on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and China" and removes " The United States does not support Taiwan independence."
May 18, 2022 – U.S. National Security Advisor Sullivan had a telephone conversation with Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi. The White House said the conversation was a follow-up to the two men's March 14 meeting in Rome.
May 23, 2022 – President Biden visited Asia for the first time, officially announced the "Indo-Pacific Economic Framework" in Tokyo, and led the leaders' summit of the "Quadruple" security dialogue mechanism, and made it clear that the United States is willing to intervene militarily if China invades Taiwan to defend Taiwan.
May 24, 2022 – China's climate envoy Xie Zhenhua and US climate envoy John Kerry meet on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum in Davos and pledge to cooperate on climate issues.
May 26, 2022 - Secretary Blinken delivers a speech on China policy at George Washington University.
June 10, 2022 – U.S. Defense Secretary Austin and Chinese Defense Minister Wei Fenghe meet for the first time during the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore.
June 13, 2022 – US National Security Advisor Sullivan meets Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi in Luxembourg. This is the second face-to-face meeting and the third dialogue between the two this year.
June 21, 2022 – The Prevention of Forced Uyghur Labor Law, which became law last December, goes into effect. The law prohibits the import of products from Xinjiang unless it can be verified that they were not produced with forced labor.
July 9, 2022 – U.S. State Department Blinken meets with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the sidelines of the G20 foreign ministers' meeting in Rome.
July 27, 2022 – The Senate passed the $280 billion "Chips and Science Act" to revitalize the US chip manufacturing industry and counter China.
July 28, 2022 – The House of Representatives passes the Chips and Science Act. On the same day, Biden had a two-hour telephone conversation with Xi Jinping to discuss cooperation between the two countries and issues related to Taiwan and Ukraine.
August 2, 2022 – House Speaker Nancy Pelosi arrives in Taiwan for a visit. She is the most senior U.S. official to visit Taiwan in 25 years.
August 5, 2022 - The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced countermeasures against Pelosi's visit to Taiwan, including the cancellation of the phone call between the leaders of the Chinese and American military theaters, the working meeting between the Chinese and American defense ministries, and the meeting of the China-US Maritime Military Security Consultation Mechanism, and Suspend Sino-U.S. illegal immigration repatriation cooperation, Sino-U.S. criminal judicial assistance cooperation, Sino-U.S. cooperation in combating transnational crimes, Sino-U.S. anti-drug cooperation, and Sino-U.S. climate change talks.
August 9, 2022 – President Biden signs the Chips and Science Act.
August 23, 2022 – The U.S. Department of Commerce adds seven Chinese space, aerospace, and related technology entities to the export control list, strictly restricting their access to commodities, software, and technology regulated by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
August 26, 2022 – US and Chinese securities regulators reach an agreement on auditing Chinese companies listed in the US.
September 23, 2022 – Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi meets with US Secretary of State Blinken on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in New York.
October 7, 2022 – The U.S. Department of Commerce implements new export controls on the export of advanced computers and semiconductors to China.
October 12, 2022 – The Biden administration publishes a national security strategy emphasizing deepening democratic alliances to counter the rise of authoritarian powers such as China and Russia.
October 27, 2022 - The U.S. Department of Defense announced the latest national defense security strategy, stating that Russia is an imminent threat and China is the most significant long-term security challenge.
November 14, 2022 – Biden and Xi Jinping hold their first face-to-face meeting since Biden took office on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Bali, Indonesia. Both sides described the meeting as "deep, frank and constructive".
November 18, 2022 - USTR met with Chinese Commerce Minister Wang Wentao on the sidelines of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ministerial meeting in Thailand to discuss bilateral trade issues.
November 21, 2022 - The defense ministers of the United States and China held talks for about an hour and a half while attending the 9th ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting Plus in Cambodia, resuming the once-suspended high-level military exchanges.
November 23, 2011 - The Office of the United States Trade Representative announced the further extension of tariff exemptions for products related to the new crown epidemic in China's "Section 301 investigation".
November 25, 2022 – The State Council of China announced the extension of tariff exemptions for 95 U.S. goods until May 31 next year.
